Fast Food Nation - Exploiting Adolescents Research Paper

Fast Food Nation - Exploiting Adolescents - Research Paper Example In his book, â€Å"The Fast Food Nation†, Eric Schlosser brings gimmick to the exposà © summarizing the central idea of the topic in the following statement, â€Å"A fast food restaurant can be a nice place to visit- but if you might not want to work there-especially if you are a teenager.† The sentence cleverly adumbrates the vulnerability of the working ambience at the fast food outlet. American teenager dominates employment at these places (Wartman, Web). Consequently, the issue is being strongly analyzed as adolescence mark the future of the country. The book discusses the misery of a sixteen-year-old high school girl, Elisa Zimot. She was keen to work at the Mc Donald’s outlet but resented later when a customer’s dealt with her brutally. Often people misbehave with fast workers as they look at them with disdain and contempt. Other teenagers work tediously at fast food restaurants, beyond their legal working limit. A survey illustrated that many high school students around fifteen years of age work for twelve hours and sophomores working late at night in these restaurants. Although the working duration assigned by the Fair Labour Standards do not exceed from more than three hours for school going children, below sixteen years of age. In other words, students are not allowed to work during school hours that is before seven in the morning and after seven at night (Sagon, Web). Even if the school is closed, they might work for few more hours but within the defined limit. Many students cross the limit and consequently, their studies are affected. It is proven by a survey that maximum fifteen hours of employment help students academically whereas beyond this range students show a decline in their overall academics and engage in anti-social activities linked with drug and alcohol abuse (Schlosser 9). Apart from this the fast food restaurants are well equipped with machines, some of which are prohibited for the teenagers to operate. The author discusses Colorado State’s law where it is illegal for teenagers below eighteen to use hazardous machinery during work.  Ã‚  

Discuss these abstracts in the context of academic research and recent Essay

Discuss these abstracts in the context of academic research and recent developments in audit regulation and practice - Essay Example ted in the financial statements can be termed to be material if its omission or misrepresentation can have an effect on the decision-making process among the users of these records (Ndreca, 2013, pp 350). In simple definition, materiality in financial accounting is the intolerable misstatements that are embedded in the financial statements with the intention of justifying a non-existent transaction (Dodaro, 2013, pp419). In other words, materiality is the intolerable or unacceptable errors which cannot be ignored because they have a greater effect on the financial information represented in the records (Brannan & Gray, 2005, pp26). These errors are huge hence, when neglected; they may lead to big losses of the firm’s resources. This paper explores the concept of materiality in the financial accounting showing the importance of materiality in auditing process, the main development of the concepts of materiality over time. Materiality can be categorized into two; quantitative materiality and qualitative materiality. Quantitative materiality is the actual financial value that a certain misstatement can cause to the organization. On the other hand, qualitative materiality can be just a mere statement that has either misled certain transaction (Brannan & Gray, 2005, pp41). Accountants and management teams in most cases misstate the financial information to conceal particular information not to be known by the shareholders for their own benefits. Sometimes, certain information may qualify to be material without the intention or knowledge of the accountants and the management (Brannan & Gray, 2005, pp26). Therefore, the auditors have the task of exploring all the financial records and scrutinize them to establish, justify and certify that the information represented in them is quite relevant to the true status of the organization (Dodaro, 2013, pp419). Any deviation should be investigated to establish whet her it can amount to the material or can have an effect on

Case Study - An Ethical Dilemma Essay Example for Free

Case Study An Ethical Dilemma Essay Jackie, a young star with a prominent voice who gets picked up by a professional recording label after performing at a national talent competition. Overwhelmed with excitement, thinks it is a dream come true to start a career with a lucrative contract. Meets and has an intimate encounter with her soon to be manager, Kevin. Months go by as their relationship begins to flourish but soon she starts to hear rumors that Kevin has helped a new girl in the legal department get her position threw their own personal relations. Jackie has suspicions that Kevin may be having other deeper interactions with this new girl. Jackie’s suspicions turn out to be true and she is devastated. She obviously breaks off the relationship with Kevin but cannot afford to lose him as her manager. Time goes by with awkward silence between the two but eventually Jackie decides to be professional with her career and continues to keep Kevin on as her manager. This lasts awhile until Kevin starts to make inappropriate sexual advances towards her. She tries to laugh it off but as he continues she threatens to make a formal complaint to legal. He does eventually stop but has stopped all efforts to promote her music thus making it very difficult for her to continue on with her success. She eventually does decide to make a complaint with legal, there is where she runs into Leslie, the girl that Kevin had got the position for in legal. She tells her, â€Å"even I believed you, you didn’t report this relationship which goes against our superior-employee ethics code†. So either she had the choice to let the matter go or to make a complaint which would in turn have her also reprimanded. She is forced with  an ultimate decision and eventually decides to do nothing. Summarized Ethical Issue at Heart The unethical issue at heart is the manager, Kevin, making inappropriate gestures towards Jackie after they had broken up. Doing so with Jackie’s vulnerable position of whether or not to report the issue which would do more harm than good. Or to leave the matter alone and just hope that Kevin would leave her alone. Neither option are better suited for Jackie who in this case is the victim, which leads to the question of appropriate ethical responsibility of the company. Details that are missing in the case A 3rd party perspective on the details of both parties. More detail as to what accusations were being made towards Kevin and Jackie. Whether Kevin had proper ethical training. List of all stakeholders who would be involved with this ethical dilemma. Employees Other artists Board of Trustees Investors Legal Department Customers Community Media Three stakeholders and the concerns they may have. Employees Don’t like how they are working for an unethically sound company. Thinking how it could happen to them if they were put in the same situation If the  problem was ever made public how would my job security look? Would this company’s name stain my resume? Investors How will my portfolio look if this artist is to become successful with another producer? Will this story become public? Will my shares plummet from this company’s bad publicity? What would happen to the company outlook if the entire company was to go thru proper corporate ethical training? Could it be a success? Board of Trustees This will look bad if the story was to made public How must will it cost to perform proper corporate training on proper ethical behavior? Do the managerial levels need to be reevaluated? Could the company be looking at a lawsuit? Five solutions. Perform corporate training at all levels reviewing proper ethical conduct Fire the manager Workout an undisclosed settlement See if another manager is available to take her on Leave and try to find successes elsewhere Top three solutions with possible consequences. 1. Perform corporate training at all levels, monitor it and have employees sign off on regulating polices that are being implemented regarding superior-employee relations as well as all other common ethical practices. Doesn’t really solve the problem at hand, may be good for the future but doesn’t help Jackie Company sets public perception that their ethical standards are in question Very timely and costly Risk of employees losing interest/possible turnover of employees 2. Fire and Replace the Manager May get sued by Kevin for wrongful termination Jackie’s verbal threats may continue Incident is likely to be made public Board of Trustees would have to look over all management positions Loss of all positive profits that Kevin may have acquired 3. Workout an undisclosed settlement Costly Sets a standard for future wrong doings May not stay quiet Fellow employees and/or artist may exercise more scrutiny as they mature on with their job Three Stakeholders and Top Three Solutions with two pros and two cons effects on the Stakeholder. Make company employees take corporate training on proper ethical behavior Will benefit the company’s overall performance Give the media something different to talk about with regards to the company Very costly Employees may decline to take it/possible employee turnover Fire and Replace the Manager Jackie would be satisfied The company would have a bad employee released Fellow artists may lose that label Manager could sue for wrongful termination Workout an undisclosed amount Jackie would be happy and the problem would be resolved Stays quiet Costly Solves no future problems Two ethical principles upheld or violated by the top three solutions. Make company employees take corporate training on proper ethical behavior Provides positive integrity to the company As long as the training provided was paid hours it shouldn’t be seen in any way of being unethical Trust and Communication Fire and Replace the Manager Fails to meet ethical standards simply because not enough information is known Unethical towards the employees as some could suddenly be put into a disadvantage Work out an undisclosed amount Completely unethical from the rest of the company’s standpoint as this option would be odd and serve no purpose towards the rest of the company Financially unethical to use funds to serve as a settlement rather than other purposes of the company Performing corporate training at all levels, monitoring it and have employees sign off on regulating polices that are being implemented regarding superior-employee relations as well as all other common ethical practices will provide positive integrity to the company. If the training hours were paid and it didn’t have an effect on daily routine then it doesn’t seem to be unethical to request training hours. Firing the manager Kevin would solve Jackie’s problem but only hers alone. To be fair which is a principle of  ethics would be to implement a code that would benefit the company as a whole. Although what Kevin is accused of doing is warranted of being fired there just isn’t enough information for the company to let him go. Her words against his wouldn’t be enough to fire him. This is why a revamp of full corporate training probably stands to be the best possible solution for this situation. Decision and Implementation Identify the best solution. Implementing corporate training throughout the entire staff of the company maybe specializing in specific areas would be most likely to be the best possible solution. There are a lot more benefits to educating employees on proper ethics. A workplace in which an ethics code has been instilled is a naturally pleasant place. Employee morale rises in an atmosphere that promotes good behavior and honest interactions. Reasons why this is the best solution. It creates a better atmosphere in the workplace, teaches an office how to work as a team, promotes personal responsibility, and has always shown to boost staff morale. A work ethics training program promotes teamwork by instilling trust in co-workers. People are more likely to be amenable to working together when they appreciate and respect one another. Why the other solutions were rejected Firing the manager Kevin as well as making an undisclosed settlement were found to be unethical towards other members of the company. It would not be a good example to set if the company were to single out an incident and act in an irregular way towards that issue. There also wasn’t enough facts to the case to make the decision to fire the manager, Kevin. Especially doing so knowing full well it would affect other stakeholders. Possible objections to the solution The company may find that employee may complain that they do not need to take part in training. A mandatory requirement may need to be implemented for all employees. A turnover rate within the employees may be seen. Investors or Board of Trustees will look at all avenues of the cheapest method of implementing training. How would you overcome these objections? Make it a requirement to attain a certain number of ethics training hours. Find other avenues of funding that can contribute to the program to make sure that employees are receiving the best training. Self-inflicted training from the managerial level is a cheaper method to instruct employees. References Ethical Dilemma. (n.d.). Forbes. Retrieved , from http://www.forbes.com/2004/06/23/cx_da_0623topnews.html Advantages of Training Employees About Work Ethics. (n.d.). Small Business. Retrieved , from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-training-employees-work-ethics-44472.html Ethics Training in the Workplace. (n.d.). Ethics Training. Retrieved , from http://www.rctm.com/ethics.htm Institute For Ethical Awareness. (n.d.). Institute For Ethical Awareness. Retrieved , from http://www.instituteforethicalawareness.org The Online Business Ethics Training Program | Ethics Training Guide. (n.d.). Ethics Training Guide. Retrieved , from http://ethicstrainingguide.org/

Reducing rape in India

Reducing rape in India In December 2012, a 23-year-old medical student who studied at the University of Delhi, after the movie she went home with her boyfriend. Unfortunately, seven men hit her boyfriend and even worse they gang-raped her on the bus. At last, the student died in Singapores Mount Elizabeth Hospital. This is such bad news. Nowadays, it is a civilized society. However, rape always occurs in the world. For instance, with more than twenty-four thousand reported rape cases in India in 2011, rape registered a 9.2 percent rise over 2010. People have been hurt because of rape. From this likeness, the aim of the research is a wake up call to tell people of the rising trend of rape. In my opinion, rape is a crime that harms others. We should resolutely resist the occurrence of such acts of rape. My research is divided into three sections. First of all, I will define rape. Rape in its simplest form (and the meaning, most people can understand it), is when a man forces a woman to have sex with him. Often this has been done by using either threat or violence. When the victim is mentally incapacitated or impaired, physically impaired, asleep or unconscious. Next, I will compare the laws, womens social status and the government system between India and Singapore. I choose two countries because India often has rape cases and Singapore seldom. Last but not least, I will give some advice through the three aspects of the laws, social status as well as self-protection on how to reduce rape. 2. Data of Rape in India The Wall Street Journal (http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2013/01/08/map-rape-rate-across-india/) The Indian edition of WSJ has come up with this map which shows the rape rate across different states of India.It shows the central region of rape rate up to 8.2 reported cases per 100,000 women. But the north-eastern states as having highest rape rate. The rape rate up to 10.1 reported case per 100,000 women. The notorious Indian capital of Delhis rape rate was 7.4 reported cases per 100,000 women, but it was not the highest. The northern city of Mizoram the rape rate is 14.3 reported cases per 100,000 women which was the highest. According to the survey, with more than 24,000 reported cases in India in 2011, rape registered a 9.2 percent rise over the previous year. In recent years, frightening data from New Delhi has earned the title of rape capital of India. 3. Causes of rape A: Reason for more rapes in India 3.1 Legal loophole According to the survey, rape criminal law sentences people to more than seven years in India and even the death penalty. But Indian law also provides that the offender may be released on bail or pay a fine. Because of this, a lot of the rapists have not been punished. Laws should provide fast track courts to deal with such cases, says Girija Vyas, Chairperson, and National Commission for Women (NCW). According to the survey, the results encourage more people to crime which just a dismal 27 percent of the rape conviction rate in 2006-2007. 3.2 Low status of women in India Women were considered inferior to men in social life. On the one hand, a large part of Indian women are illiterate because their family did not send the girl to school for education. As for women, the literacy rate stands at just 54.16 percent. On the other hand, women were prohibited to take part in domestic as well as in external matters. Indian womens working rate is very low. But the population of working women has risen to 13 percent in 1987. Still, the population of working women just has 25 percent in 2011. Women who smoke, drink, go to bars is considered unethical behavior in India. Acceptance of domestic violence. India is the worlds most serious country for domestic violence. Some women believe that domestic violence is often seen as deserved. The Indian women property cannot be independent rather dependent on men. Level of Indias last name. The vast majority of female government officials come from high-grade surnames. High-grade surname female government officials will no t fight for the right to civilian women. 3.3 The government system India has a sluggish court system which the inefficiency of the court dealing with the case for only 15 judges. It is so surprised that Delhi high court judge deals with the backlog of cases need 466 years. There are not enough police to protect ordinary citizens in India. Leading to difficulties to obtain evidence and spend a lot of time. Even worse, there is a part of the police have been involved in rape. Encouraging rape victims to compromise. For example, a 17-year-old rape victim under the police pressure she got married with the attackers. The reason for this compromise is for keeping the peace between the families or ethnicities. India also lacks public safety. Less than a lot of street lighting in India and lack of public toilets. These are factors that induce rape. B: Reason Less Rape in Singapore 3.1 Strict laws Anyone who commits rape should be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 20 years, and needs to be liable to fine or to cane. The assist will be subjected to the punishment of 8 years and caning with at least 12 strokes. Singapore has improved the police system and the court system to rapid processing of cases. So that people will not dare to violate the law. 3.2 National equality and equality between men and women As Singapore is a multi-ethnic country, equality is the theme of Singapore. Singapore has a special legal protection to equality between men and women. Legal protection of the equal status of women in public places and even in the home. In 2011, for the Gender Inequality Index Singapore received a score of 0.086, placing the country at 8 out of 146 countries with data. 3.3 Geylang-legal prostitution Geylang is Singapores famous Red Light District for legal prostitution. A lot of prostitution through prostitutes who were from Thailand, Malaysia, China for men over there every day. Sex is a basic human so need that a legal red light district providing some basic sexual gratification for men can exist. Being lack of sex, a man has proper ways to solve the problem. They do not need to rape others. Effects of rape Rape is a crime, most of the victims have a greater psychological trauma. But the victims often lack peoples concern and respect. Even victims will be rejected and disgusted. This will cause the victims experience a second victimization. This is a mournful fact. The rape also leads to the AIDS epidemic. Some of the victims of rape and pregnancy. If women use the contraceptive drugs it will reduce the pregnancy rates. If the baby was born, it will add to the victims burden of life and affect the life of the victim. If the city often has rape, it will reduce the peoples sense of security and occurrence of other types of cases. For example: Murder. Solution Revisit the definition of rape and pay attention to the development of accurate laws. Severe punishment to a person who is convicted for rape. Improve the judicial system to reduce procedural delays. Increase legal aid to help the victims. Improve the legal status and rights and interests of women. Women should receive equal education. Women should know how to use the law to protect them. The promotion of womens self-defense skills. The creation of self-defense courses at school. Males have a physical strength advantage over females, but women can use techniques to narrow the gap with men. Both rape victims and rapists are likely to be drunk. Women who are drunk should avoid walking alone at the bar. The 1997 NCVS reports that 35.8 percent of rape victims believe their rapists were under the influence of alcohol. Looking for some drinks alternative to alcoholism help to reduce rape. Conclusion The study focuses on how to reduce rape. In the course of this analysis, I finish by comparing between India and Singapore law, the social status and self-protection of women to get a correct understanding. And trying to find some solutions to reduce rape. Rape is a heinous act which hurts a lot of people. Especially, in some developed countries, rape would be more serious. Therefore, doing research to reduce rape is necessary. The study concludes that the need is improvement of law, improve the status of women in society, to learn self-defense skills and reduce the abusing of alcohol that is an efficient way to solve rape. In my opinion, a safe social environment can be conducive to the development of society. Rape is an important factor affecting social security. If we want a wonderful, safe living environment, we should contribute to reduce rape.

The Immigrant Experience: The Anguish of Becoming American Essay

The Immigrant Experience: The Anguish of Becoming American Immigration from the Early 1990's still affects America today. The people who came to America from different countries brought their traditions, their families, and their culture. These three things stuck with them through thick and thin and are still thriving parts of what America is today. Many immigrants came with literally nothing in their pockets and had to work their way to success. The Immigrant Experience by Thomas Wheeler tells the story of nine different immigrants' trials and tribulations of coming and living in America. Each immigrant went through different experiences of becoming American but they also had their similarities. Four things that attributed to the assimilation of the immigrants are: language, money, religion, and ambition. Each immigrant experienced their individual trials, but they still all had several similarities. Almost all of the immigrants in this book came to America without being able to speak English, except for the immigrant from London. Alan Pryce-Jones came to America able to speak English and this put him at an advantage over the other immigrants because he could communicate with Americans. Also, he came to America after he established his writing in Europe. He came with money and wisdom which set him far above the other immigrants. The immigrants who couldn't speak English had to take classes and settle for low paying jobs because they could not communicate with their bosses. If they weren't working for someone else, they entrepreneured their own business. William Alfred, the Irish immigrant, was raised by a grandmother who owned her own business. This made it a little easier for him to find a job, and bring in money. J... ...America and living here made them American. But, they all brought over their own traditions and culture that still affect families today. Americans all have the outer candy coatings, but each peanut inside is different. The peanuts make the M & M's what they are. The outer appearance is the same but the inward structure is not. The peanuts do not affect the way the M & M looks but they sure do affect the way they taste. Next time you go to eat an M & M think about what America is. Is it a group of people who are all the same and have conformed to each other so that you cannot distinguish one from another? Or is America like a bowl of peanut M & M's where you can see how every one is similar but each individual is different on the inside? They may look American. They may act American. They may very well be American, but they cannot neglect their ancestry roots.

How does Owen make clear his feelings about war in Dulce et Dorcum est? :: English Literature

How does Owen make clear his feelings about war in Dulce et Dorcum est? The title of this poem which is ‘Dulce et Dorcum est,’ is a Latin saying which means, ‘It is sweet and honorable to die for your country.’ It is written by Wilfred Owen who gives us his opinion about this motto. He uses one of his brutal memories to support his views and to compare a stereotypical soldier as we visualize one in our heads and one as he saw whilst fighting in the war. This memory is of a time when Owen, along with his fellow soldiers is walking back to their rest place, when all of a sudden there is a gas attack. All except one of these soldiers manages to put on his gas mask in time; therefore he dies a horrible death. The poem explores a different mood for each of the four stanzas. In stanza one the mood is slow and weary. In stanza two there is a mood, which is fast and panicky. Stanza three explores a tragic mood and the final stanza has a mood of bitterness and anger. Owen is successful in providing detail throughout the poem. He is also successful in writing the poem as a memory, as he did fight in the war. In this poem he effectively shows his thoughts and expressions, as he wants the reader to think of them. Owen accomplishes the mood in verse one through his use of language. The poem starts with the words â€Å"Bent Double†, which introduces the image of a soldier as Owen remembers one. These words show us the action and figure of the soldiers. In reality you cannot walk bent really close to the ground, therefore these words can be considered as metaphors or slight exaggerations of what the soldiers were doing. These words start off the comparison of a real soldier with a stereotypical one. â€Å"Like old beggars under sacks†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This implies the visual sight of the soldiers if an ordinary person were to see them. This sentence is a simile and therefore means that the soldiers look like beggars. The word ‘sacks’ helps us to visualize the soldiers walking really close to the ground, under the weight of a sack. The simile above can also express torn clothes worn by the soldiers, muddy faces, slight injuries taken on by the soldiers and the mental conditions that they were facing. The simile compares these soldiers to people who have nothing to lose and their uniform to ‘sacks’, which indicates their shabby conditions. Another word, which suggests the speed at which soldiers move, is â€Å"trudge.

Ch 12

The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism, 1812–1824 1. A Scary War with Britain (pp. 233–240) a. What do the authors say at the outset is the â€Å"supreme lesson† of the War of 1812? The leading a divided and apathetic people into war is a bad idea b. For two years, the Americans and British fought to a standstill in Canada. What event in Europe in 1814 allowed the British to concentrate all their forces in America? Napoleons power was destroyed c. After American naval successes on Lake Erie under Admiral Oliver H.Perry and then on Lake Champlain, a British force invaded the Chesapeake region and burned the new capital of Washington to the ground in August 1814. They then were beaten off in the battle at Fort McHenrynear Baltimore that inspired Francis Scott Key to write the Star Spangled Banner. Finally, the victory of Gen. Andrew Jackson, over the British at New Orleans in January 1815 gave a boost to national morale, even though, because of slow communications, it was actually fought after the Treaty of Ghent had been signed, officially ending the war.Why do the authors say on p. 238 that the Americans, who had wanted to conquer Canada at the outset, were relieved and even happy to settle for a virtual draw? Because despite that they hadn’t gained any land, they had managed to come to a draw with one of the most powerful superpowers of the time d. What were the New England demands, as expressed in the 1814 Hartford Convention? When taken together with the end of the war on unexpectedly favorable terms, how did they contribute to the final demise of the Federalist Party? 1) The New England demands: Financial assistance from Washington for lost trade and proposed amendments requiring a two thirds vote in Congress before an embargo could be imposed, new states admitted, and war declared. Abolish the three-fifths cause in the constitution to limit u. s. presidents to a single term, and to prohibit the election o f two successive presidents from the same state. (2) End of Federalist Party: They wanted to secede from New England. 2. Nationalism and the â€Å"American System† (pp. 40–242) a. Increased security and self-confidence after the war produced a heightened sense of â€Å"nationalism† people associating themselves with the nation first and their respective states second. A national literature developed in the works of Washington Irving and James Fennimore Cooper and in the construction of a new capitol building in Washington A revived Second Bank of the United States was established in 1816 this time with the (support or opposition) of the Jeffersonian Republicans. Note: Modern students can be excused for finding a discussion about tariff policy a bit boring. This section covers the first of many tariff battles throughout the 1800s. Tariffs today are not a big deal because there is a worldwide trend to reduce duties on imports and because the government gets most o f its revenue through income taxes. However, there was no income taxation until 1913 and the government therefore depended almost exclusively on tariff duties for its revenue. So it’s important to have a general understanding. ) b.Look at the Tariff Chart on page A57 of the Appendix. At their peak in 1828, tariff duties on imported goods amounted to 60 percent of their value. In 1996, that tariff rate amounted to only about 5 percent. The authors say (p. 241) that the Tariff of 1816 was the first in history â€Å"instituted primarily for protection, not revenue. † *** What is a â€Å"protective† tariff? What does it protect? Items manufactured in the US from foreign competition. c. List the three main elements of Henry Clay’s 1824 proposal for an â€Å"American System† of federal support for internal development.Republicans considered this proposal unconstitutional. A strong banking system, that would provide a abundant credit. A protective tariff, for eastern manufacturing would flourish. More roads and canals, more in the Ohio Valley. 3. Monroe, Sectionalism, and the Missouri Compromise (pp. 242–246) a. The Panic of 1819 was caused largely by over speculation in western lands. (Note that financial panic, or economic depression, is a recurring theme that you will observe occurring every twenty to thirty years or so.Many consider it the â€Å"curse of capitalism. † Yet another recurring theme introduced here for the first time is the sectional controversy between North and South over the admission of new states as slave or free— a question which was primarily one of political and economic power, but which increasingly took on a moral character leading to the Civil War. ) With its booming population, the North was gaining power in the House of Representatives by 1820, while the South was only able to retain equal power in the South.New states east of the Mississippi had been admitted alternately slave and free to keep a balance, but Missouri, the first new state to be carved out of the Louisiana Purchase, threatened to upset this balance. What were the three elements of the 1820 Missouri Compromise fashioned by Henry Clay? Missouri as a slave state. The Free-soil Maine All future bondage was prohibited in the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase north of the line of 36 degree 30 and the southern boundary of Missouri. 4. Nationalism and the Supreme Court (pp. 47–251) Because he was its first major interpreter, the authors call Chief Justice John Marshall the principal â€Å"Molding Father† of the Constitution. In the case of McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819), Marshall used Hamilton’s â€Å"Loose construction† of the Constitution to declare the Bank of the U. S. constitutional because Congress had the right to do anything â€Å"necessary and proper† to carry out its functions. Also, the federal government today influences many aspects of our lives (like me at inspection and product labeling, for example) through a drastic expansion of its constitutional power to control interstate commerce.Marshall first strengthened this interpretation in the 1824 â€Å"steamboat† case of Gibbons v. Ogden. 5. Expansion and the Monroe Doctrine (pp. 251–255) a. The expansionist President Monroe (1817-1825) and his Secretary of State John Quincy Adams concluded a treaty with Britain in 1818 which allowed for the joint occupation of the Oregon Territory. With Spanish troops occupied by revolutionary wars to the south, General Andrew Jackson swept across Florida leading to its ultimate â€Å"purchase† by the U. S. in 1819 b.Worried that other European powers would take the place of Spain in the Western Hemisphere, the now-famous â€Å"Monroe Doctrine† was issued in 1823 Its two principles were: (1) Noncolonization: The era of colonization in the Americas had ended and uniting season was closed. (2) Nonintervention: Monroe direc ted the crowned heads of Europe to keep their monarchical systems out of this hemisphere. *** What do you think of the Monroe Doctrine? It allowed for the US to prosper on its own. By what authority, if any, was it issued? National authority